naive scientist vs cognitive miser naive scientist vs cognitive miser

/GS8 28 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). /Annots [51 0 R] -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) concept, type of stimulus). if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 as. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /F1 21 0 R 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue Psychology of Social Behaviors Cheat Sheet - Nave Scientist: need to -Cognitive component: stereotypes << endobj /Contents 36 0 R x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. How did Asch study conformity? Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. 48 . Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. >> 16 0 obj Rationality and the reflective mind . ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. >> Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. endobj -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. >> /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /LastChar 116 [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. What percentage showed complete compliance? 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] << /CS /DeviceRGB [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. endobj /F3 23 0 R /F1 21 0 R /ParentTree 19 0 R -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] De Neys . 7 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Font Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. (1950s) a. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. /Type /Group System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /ExtGState << /Type /Group [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /GS7 27 0 R In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. What is an attribution? These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. by Emma2201, <> Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did 473480 . << You could also do it yourself at any point in time. /F4 24 0 R I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. Describe his findings. Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us /Header /Sect >> /BaseFont /Times-Roman In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. Please sign in to share these flashcards. >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Resources << /ca 1 Cookie policy. The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. >> 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 /Chart /Sect /F3 23 0 R A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. Add to folder Greed, Lust And Gender: A History Of Economic Ideas [PDF] [288oj5lhbhmg] /Contents 44 0 R 4,000 & 9,000 \\ /Tabs /S /Contents 35 0 R affects which beliefs and rules we test heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? endobj Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. Contents. The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? /GS8 28 0 R [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction - Oxford Academic 2,000 & 11,000 \\ /FontDescriptor 364 0 R /Font << /StructParents 6 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 /Type /Group People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. 13 0 obj social cognition test 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Political cognition - Wikipedia >> People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? /GS8 28 0 R things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? << endobj >> This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. /F3 23 0 R 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R /Tabs /S -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. /CS /DeviceRGB [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. . Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /F1 21 0 R /F2 22 0 R /BM /Normal They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. [9][pageneeded]. /StructParents 5 Week 3 Social Psychology Flashcards - Cram.com /Type /Page Before this, human thinking was. 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R /Parent 2 0 R CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> >> 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. /Type /Page What Is Cognitive Miser? | Ifioque.com [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ /Type /Font That's it. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /StructParents 3 "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R << /S /Transparency What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /F4 24 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. << 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R What is social contagion? Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. stream PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. /Font << affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. /BaseFont /Times-Bold [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. >> endobj Cognitive miserliness - I'm too busy to think about that! - LinkedIn -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. AS such, categorization provides -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /Parent 2 0 R What is the best treatment for groupthink? /Resources << /Type /Group The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. /Resources << /Contents 45 0 R endobj women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. 500 0 0 389 278] >> -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. /Count 13 (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes.